The best waterproof facial cleansing device for shower routines must handle water exposure without making daily cleansing harsher, slower, or harder to maintain. This guide focuses on documented waterproof claims, cleansing method, control, brush-head design, charging, and practical ownership rather than cosmetic promises.

Eight options appear in the comparison for October 2026, ranging from rotating brush systems to silicone and sonic designs. For broader skin-type guidance, compare this selection with our facial cleansing brush technology guide before choosing.

1
-12%
PURTIF Dual-Ring Rotating Facial Cleansing Brush
Best Seller

PURTIF Dual-Ring Rotating Facial Cleansing Brush

PURTIF
In Stock
9.6 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
$59.99 Save $7.00
$52.99
Quick Verdict This rechargeable silicone facial brush uses a patented dual-ring rotating head instead of vibration, with inner and outer rings spinning in opposite directions for targeted pore and blackhead cleansing. Best for those with sensitive skin who want a gentle but effective rotating exfoliator over a sonic device.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Patented dual-ring rotating head
  • Soft silicone suitable for sensitive skin
  • Three adjustable rotating speeds
  • Long battery life
  • Fully waterproof and travel-friendly

Cons

  • No sonic or vibration mode
  • Requires manual charging port drying
  • Only rotating action may not suit all
Specifications
Product Dimensions ‏‎ 2.95 x 2.17 x 6.69 inches; 8.64 ounces
Item model number ‏‎ FCB12
Batteries ‏‎ 1 Nonstandard Battery batteries required.
Date First Available ‏‎ June 16, 2026
Manufacturer ‏‎ PURTIF
ASIN ‏‎ B0GY5R4WJH
Best Sellers Rank#57,443 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #28 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews5.0 5.0 out of 5 stars (11)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • Patented dual-ring rotating head with inner and outer rings moving in opposite directions for enhanced cleansing in hard-to-reach areas
  • Three rotating speeds let you adjust intensity from gentle daily cleanse to deeper exfoliation
  • Soft silicone bristles are non-abrasive and suitable for sensitive skin, unlike harsh nylon brushes
  • Rechargeable with long battery life; Type-C charging with a simple dry-port precaution
  • Fully waterproof design allows easy rinse-and-go use in the shower or at the sink
  • Compact and lightweight at 8.6 oz, ideal for travel or daily carry
2
-40%
Michael Todd Beauty Soniclear Face Brush 2026 Allure Winner
Editor's Pick

Michael Todd Beauty Soniclear Face Brush 2026

MICHAELTODDBEAUTY
In Stock
9.9 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
$139.00 Save $55.60
$83.40
Quick Verdict This is a gentle yet effective sonic facial cleansing brush that won the Allure Readers' Choice award in 2026, known for its antimicrobial protection and ability to deeply cleanse without irritation, making it ideal for those with sensitive skin or who want an easier skincare routine.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Gentle on sensitive skin
  • Effective deep cleanse without irritation
  • Antimicrobial protection reduces bacteria
  • Improves skincare product absorption
  • Allure award winner

Cons

  • Requires AAA batteries
  • Limited to sonic technology only
  • Needs replacement brush heads
Specifications
Product Dimensions ‏‎ 6.38 x 2.25 x 2.75 inches; 1.06 pounds
Item model number ‏‎ White Marble
Batteries ‏‎ 2 AAA batteries required.
UPC ‏‎ 811573030468
Manufacturer ‏‎ MICHAEL TODD BEAUTY
ASIN ‏‎ B08HH883BK
Best Sellers Rank#15,522 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #9 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews4.7 4.7 out of 5 stars (708)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • Antimicrobial protected brush heads for hygienic cleansing
  • Gentle sonic action (no rotating) removes makeup and buildup
  • 4 speeds to customize for different skin types
  • Serum Infusion head enhances product absorption
  • Allure Readers' Choice Winner for 2026
  • Soft bristles suitable for sensitive skin
Best For / Avoid If

Best for buyers prioritizing

  • Gentle on sensitive skin
  • Effective deep cleanse without irritation
  • Antimicrobial protection reduces bacteria

Consider another option if

  • Requires AAA batteries
  • Limited to sonic technology only
  • Needs replacement brush heads
3
-30%
PMD Beauty Clean Facial Brush: Silicone Sonic Cleanser
Limited Time

PMD Beauty Clean Facial Brush

PMDBeauty
In Stock
9.9 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
$99.00 Save $29.70
$69.30
Quick Verdict The PMD Beauty Clean is a waterproof silicone facial brush that uses SonicGlow technology at 7,000 vibrations per minute to gently cleanse and massage the skin, making it a solid choice for those who want a hygienic, no-replacement-heads device for daily use.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • No brush head replacements needed
  • Soft, non-porous silicone resists bacteria
  • Easy to clean and maintain
  • Gentle on sensitive skin
  • Simple battery operation

Cons

  • Battery-powered, not rechargeable
  • Limited to facial cleansing and massage
  • Some units may have power issues
Specifications
Product Dimensions ‏‎ 1.5 x 1.5 x 6.5 inches; 4.8 ounces
Item model number ‏‎ 4001-Blush
Batteries ‏‎ 1 AA batteries required. (included)
UPC ‏‎ 855394003843 811485035094
Manufacturer ‏‎ PMD
ASIN ‏‎ B07GH6CL39
Best Sellers Rank#46,380 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #20 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars (1,893)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • SonicGlow technology at 7,000 vibrations per minute lifts dirt and oil from pores for a deep but gentle cleanse
  • Ultra-hygienic, hypoallergenic silicone head resists bacteria and never needs replacing
  • Four customizable modes adapt to different skin types and cleansing needs
  • Silicone bristles are soft enough for sensitive skin yet effective at exfoliation
  • Waterproof and odor-resistant design makes it easy to use in the shower
  • Ergonomic handle and lightweight build (4.8 oz) for comfortable, one-handed use
Best For / Avoid If

Best for buyers prioritizing

  • No brush head replacements needed
  • Soft, non-porous silicone resists bacteria
  • Easy to clean and maintain

Consider another option if

  • Battery-powered, not rechargeable
  • Limited to facial cleansing and massage
  • Some units may have power issues
4
-25%
COSLUS 7-in-1 Facial Cleansing Brush
Top Rated

COSLUS 7-in-1 Facial Cleansing Brush

COSLUS
In Stock
9.4 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
$19.99 Save $5.00
$14.99
Quick Verdict The COSLUS 7-in-1 facial cleansing brush is a versatile, waterproof kit with interchangeable heads for deep cleaning, gentle exfoliation, and massage. Its lightweight design and long battery life make it a practical choice for anyone seeking an affordable, effective upgrade from hand washing.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Versatile 7-in-1 head options
  • Gentle on sensitive skin
  • Long battery life
  • Waterproof with care
  • Affordable upgrade from hand washing

Cons

  • Battery compartment needs drying
  • Some heads may see limited use
  • No smart features or app
Specifications
Product Dimensions ‏‎ 5.12 x 2.36 x 1.38 inches; 7.83 ounces
Item model number ‏‎ COSLUS facial cleansing brush 7in1
Date First Available ‏‎ July 29, 2021
Manufacturer ‏‎ COSLUS
ASIN ‏‎ B09KNNN535
Best Sellers Rank#6,266 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #2 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars (14,228)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • 7 interchangeable heads for customized cleansing, exfoliation, and massage
  • Soft silicone and bristle options for sensitive or deep-clean days
  • Waterproof design holds up well with proper battery care
  • Two-speed settings for gentle or more thorough sessions
  • Long battery life supports daily use without frequent charging
  • Lightweight, ergonomic grip for easy handling around nose and jaw
Best For / Avoid If

Best for buyers prioritizing

  • Versatile 7-in-1 head options
  • Gentle on sensitive skin
  • Long battery life

Consider another option if

  • Battery compartment needs drying
  • Some heads may see limited use
  • No smart features or app
5

TOUCHBeauty Facial Cleansing Brush with 3 Heads

TOUCHBeauty
In Stock
9.6 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
Quick Verdict This affordable battery-powered facial brush uses rotating heads and two speeds for a deeper clean than hands alone, making it a solid choice for anyone seeking a gentle yet effective exfoliation without the cost of rechargeable models.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Affordable price point
  • Soft bristles for sensitive skin
  • Two speeds for customization
  • Includes travel case
  • Battery powered no charging needed

Cons

  • Requires AA batteries not included
  • Only two speeds no third option
  • Brush heads may feel slightly abrasive
Specifications
Product Dimensions ‏‎ 2.91 x 2.36 x 6.65 inches; 14.07 ounces
Item model number ‏‎ Green
Manufacturer ‏‎ TOUCHBeauty
ASIN ‏‎ B08JSMR854
Best Sellers Rank#8,283 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #4 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars (6,173)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • Three interchangeable brush heads for daily, exfoliating, and sensitive skin
  • Two adjustable speeds for customizable deep cleaning and gentle massage
  • Fine 0.055mm and 0.075mm fiber bristles effectively remove oil and blackheads
  • Silicone head offers a gentler option for sensitive skin types
  • IPX6 waterproof rating allows safe use in the shower
  • Battery operated with 2 AA batteries for easy replacement and storage
Best For / Avoid If

Best for buyers prioritizing

  • Affordable price point
  • Soft bristles for sensitive skin
  • Two speeds for customization

Consider another option if

  • Requires AA batteries not included
  • Only two speeds no third option
  • Brush heads may feel slightly abrasive
6
-20%
UMICKOO Rechargeable Rotating Face Scrubber with 5 Brush Heads

UMICKOO Rechargeable Rotating Face Scrubber with 5

UMICKOO
In Stock
9.7 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
$34.99 Save $7.00
$27.99
Quick Verdict This is a versatile, two-way rotating face scrubber with five brush heads for deep and daily cleansing. Its standout quality is the dual rotation modes that target stubborn pores and surface impurities, and it is ideal for those seeking a thorough yet gentle cleansing routine at an accessible price point.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Versatile brush heads for different skin needs
  • Long battery life after one charge
  • Waterproof for shower use
  • Dual rotation modes for tailored cleansing
  • Easy to use with adjustable speed settings

Cons

  • Brush head detachment can be tricky
  • No on/off switch, requires holding buttons
  • Lacks built-in light for power outages
Specifications
Product Dimensions ‏‎ 7.4 x 4.21 x 3.5 inches; 1.08 pounds
Batteries ‏‎ 1 AA batteries required. (included)
Date First Available ‏‎ May 12, 2025
Manufacturer ‏‎ UMICKOO
ASIN ‏‎ B0F8BFLKCR
Best Sellers Rank#9,951 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #7 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars (7,288)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • Dual rotation modes for targeted deep and daily cleansing
  • Five interchangeable brush heads for various skin concerns
  • IPX7 waterproof rating for convenient shower use
  • Rechargeable battery lasting up to 30 days after a single charge
  • Two-way rotating brush with left rotation for deep pore cleansing and right rotation for gentle daily refresh
  • Scientific backing indicates 20% deeper cleansing compared to manual washing
Best For / Avoid If

Best for buyers prioritizing

  • Versatile brush heads for different skin needs
  • Long battery life after one charge
  • Waterproof for shower use

Consider another option if

  • Brush head detachment can be tricky
  • No on/off switch, requires holding buttons
  • Lacks built-in light for power outages
7

CLSEVXY Waterproof Spin Brush Set

CLSEVXY
In Stock
9.5 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Last update on Sep 21, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
Quick Verdict A budget-friendly, battery-powered facial cleansing brush with 5 interchangeable heads and two speeds for gentle or deeper exfoliation. Best for those seeking an affordable entry into powered cleansing without committing to expensive rechargeable units.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Multiple brush heads for versatility
  • Two speed settings for sensitive or deep cleaning
  • Waterproof for easy rinsing and cleaning
  • Compact and portable for travel
  • Very low price for the segment

Cons

  • Battery compartment hard to open
  • Speeds only slow and very slow
  • Not submersible; limited water resistance
Specifications
Package Dimensions ‏‎ 7.05 x 4.17 x 2.13 inches; 7.04 ounces
Item model number ‏‎ CLS-005
Batteries ‏‎ 2 AA batteries required.
UPC ‏‎ 705124158421
Manufacturer ‏‎ CLSEVXY
ASIN ‏‎ B07FMQFX6H
Best Sellers Rank#6,794 in Beauty & Personal Care (See Top 100 in Beauty & Personal Care) #3 in Powered Facial Cleansing Brushes & Devices
Customer Reviews4.0 4.0 out of 5 stars (13,607)

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • Five brush heads for varied exfoliation: fine PBT for daily use, thicker PBT for deep pore cleaning, silicone for sensitive skin, latex sponge for makeup removal, and a rolling massager for acupoints
  • Two-speed settings let you choose between gentle and deep clean, adapting to different skin types and needs
  • Waterproof with IPX5 rating, meaning it can handle surface water and rinsing but should not be submerged or soaked for over three minutes
  • Battery-powered with two AA batteries, offering portability and easy replacement without needing a charging cable or outlet
  • Compact and travel-friendly, small enough to take anywhere for consistent skincare routines
  • Cost-effective at under , providing a full set of tools for exfoliation and cleansing without a premium device price
8

PMD Clean Mini SonicGlow Facial Cleansing Device

PMD Beauty
In Stock
9.7 /10
ACMS Score
ACMS Score is calculated based on product ratings, reviews, and sales performance to help you make informed purchasing decisions.
Updated: Oct 5, 2026
Last update on Oct 5, 2026 / Affiliate links / Images, Product Titles, and Product Highlights from Amazon Creators API.
Quick Verdict The PMD Clean Mini is a compact, waterproof silicone cleanser that uses SonicGlow vibrations to gently remove dirt and oil while massaging serums into skin. It is a good pick for daily cleansing around the nose and chin, especially for those who want a simple, low-maintenance tool.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Gentle silicone bristles suit all skin types
  • Waterproof for shower and sink use
  • No replacement brush heads needed
  • Compact size targets nose and chin
  • Four modes customize cleansing intensity

Cons

  • Not as vigorous as rotating brushes
  • AAA battery not rechargeable
  • Quality control can be inconsistent
Specifications
ColorPink
Dimensions1.56 x 1.13 x 5.75 inches
Weight0.06 pounds
Product GroupLuxury Beauty
BindingHealth and Beauty

Verify the current product variation before purchase; specifications may change.

Detailed Review

What stands out in the currently available product data:

  • SonicGlow vibrations at 7,000 times per minute help break down dirt and oil from deep within pores
  • Ultra-hygienic silicone brush head is odor-resistant, hypoallergenic, and never needs replacing
  • Four customizable modes let you match cleansing intensity to your skin type
  • Anti-aging massage mode helps serums and moisturizers absorb more effectively
  • Compact mini size reaches tricky spots like the sides of the nose and chin
  • Fully waterproof design makes it easy to use in the shower and rinse clean
Best For / Avoid If

Best for buyers prioritizing

  • Gentle silicone bristles suit all skin types
  • Waterproof for shower and sink use
  • No replacement brush heads needed

Consider another option if

  • Not as vigorous as rotating brushes
  • AAA battery not rechargeable
  • Quality control can be inconsistent

Waterproofing and Shower Compatibility

Waterproof construction matters because shower use exposes devices to running water, cleanser residue, steam, and repeated drying cycles. Product descriptions identify several options as waterproof, including UMICKOO, PMD Clean Mini, CLSEVXY, and COSLUS.

Do not treat waterproof wording as permission for every charging habit. Keep charging ports closed, charge outside wet areas, follow supplied instructions, and avoid submerging any device unless documentation clearly permits it.

Cleansing Technology

Silicone surfaces usually simplify rinsing and reduce replacement-head decisions, while rotating bristles provide a more traditional scrubbing sensation. Sonic systems use vibration rather than direct rotation, which may feel less mechanically aggressive during short sessions.

PMD Beauty devices list SonicGlow technology and 7,000 vibrations per minute in supplied product information. Michael Todd Beauty Soniclear Face Brush 2026 lists sonic cleansing, four speeds, and a serum infusion head, but those features do not establish superior skin outcomes.

Brush Head and Skin Contact

Head material and pressure affect comfort more than a long feature list. Silicone heads can suit buyers who want simpler cleaning, while bristle heads offer varied textures and exfoliation options that demand gentler handling.

Rotating models such as UMICKOO, TOUCHBeauty, CLSEVXY, and COSLUS require particular restraint around the nose, cheeks, and jawline. Use light pressure, avoid lingering over one area, and stop if redness, stinging, or discomfort develops.

Speed Control and Routine Fit

Multiple speeds help households share one device and let users reduce intensity when skin feels reactive. Michael Todd Beauty Soniclear Face Brush 2026 lists four speeds, while the PURTIF Electric Facial Cleansing Brush lists three rotating speeds.

Beginners can safely skip massage heads, serum features, and large accessory kits if basic cleansing remains the goal. One comfortable setting used consistently usually matters more than controls rarely selected.

Battery and Charging Practicality

A rechargeable device reduces disposable battery management, but supplied data does not establish equal runtime across this selection. UMICKOO describes up to 30 days after charging, while other listings provide less clear battery information.

Consider where the device will dry and charge before buying. A compact unit that remains visible beside your sink may receive more consistent use than a larger kit stored in a cabinet.

Maintenance and Replacement Parts

Rinse heads after each use, remove cleanser residue, and allow components to dry fully before storage. Bristle heads need closer inspection because trapped moisture and product buildup can create unpleasant odors or rougher contact.

Replacement-head availability should influence premium purchases. Michael Todd Beauty lists replacement brush heads, while multi-head kits from lower-cost brands create more choice but may make future compatibility harder to verify.

Evidence, Claims, and Value

Marketing language about pores, blackheads, lifting, or deeper cleansing should remain secondary to documented construction and usable controls. Supplied product data includes performance claims for some models, but it does not provide independent clinical evidence for superior results.

Higher cost can make sense when it buys simpler cleaning, better control, replacement support, or a routine you will actually maintain. It does not automatically justify a purchase when a basic waterproof device covers your needs.

Why You Should Trust Us

Our comparison separates supplied manufacturer descriptions from editorial interpretation. We examine cleansing mechanism, waterproof language, speed settings, head design, charging details, maintenance demands, and the difference between documented features and unsupported outcome claims.

We do not claim physical testing, independent measurements, medical outcomes, or durability results absent from supplied evidence. Product listings can change, so confirm current instructions, warranty terms, replacement-head availability, and water-use limitations before purchase.

Final Thoughts

Best overall: PMD Beauty Clean Facial Cleansing Brush suits buyers prioritizing silicone construction and SonicGlow vibration within a refined daily routine. Its value depends on wanting sonic operation rather than needing extensive brush-head variety.

Best value: UMICKOO Rechargeable Rotating Face Scrubber with 5 offers shower-focused waterproof positioning, multiple heads, two-way rotation, and stated battery longevity. Choose it only if rotating contact feels comfortable and you will maintain each head carefully.

Best for specific use: Michael Todd Beauty Soniclear Face Brush 2026 fits buyers who want multiple speeds, sonic cleansing, and a listed replacement-head ecosystem. Buyers seeking the simplest routine may prefer silicone instead.

For travel, compare this category with our portable facial cleansing device guide. For acne-prone or reactive skin, our acne-prone skin cleansing guide offers a more targeted framework.

FAQs

What is the best waterproof facial cleansing device for shower use in 2026?

The best fit depends on contact preference. PMD Clean Mini and PMD Beauty Clean emphasize silicone and sonic operation, while UMICKOO, CLSEVXY, and COSLUS emphasize rotating brush formats.

Can facial cleansing devices stay in the shower?

Waterproof labeling supports water exposure, not necessarily permanent shower storage. Dry the device after use, protect charging connections, and follow its specific care instructions.

Are silicone cleansing devices gentler than rotating brushes?

Silicone contact may feel simpler and less abrasive, but gentleness depends on pressure, duration, setting, and individual tolerance. No device format guarantees suitability for sensitive skin.

How often should a shower cleansing device be used?

Follow device instructions and your skin’s tolerance rather than assuming daily exfoliation improves results. Reduce use when dryness, tightness, burning, or persistent redness appears.

Do rotating brush heads remove blackheads?

They can remove surface oil and residue, but supplied data does not establish reliable treatment of blackheads. Avoid forceful scrubbing, which can worsen irritation.

Should beginners buy a device with many brush heads?

Usually not. Beginners benefit more from one comfortable head, clear cleaning instructions, reliable charging, and replacement support than unused accessories.

How should facial cleansing brush heads be cleaned?

Rinse away cleanser after each session, shake off excess water, and air-dry completely. Replace or discard heads when they smell, deform, or feel rough.

Can people with sensitive skin use these devices?

Some may tolerate low settings and brief contact, but patch-test new products and avoid broken or irritated skin. Seek professional advice for persistent sensitivity or a diagnosed condition.

Evidence and safety references

These references support the general technology and safety context. Product specifications can change; confirm the current manual and regulatory status before use.

  1. American Academy of Dermatology: acne-friendly skin care
  2. American Academy of Dermatology: face-washing guidance

Safety note: Beauty devices are not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment. Follow the device instructions and consult a qualified clinician if you have a skin condition, take photosensitizing medication, are pregnant, or are unsure whether a device is appropriate.